Signs and Symbols in the Rock Art Monuments of the Kazakh Altai

Abstract

The article presents the findings of field studies on petroglyphs conducted in the Ulan and Kurchum districts of Eastern Kazakhstan in 2024. Particular focus is given to geometric and solar motifs observed both within traditional zoomorphic and anthropomorphic compositions, as well as in isolated instances. An analysis of patina levels and stylistic features made it possible to establish the multilayered nature of the rock art and to identify several chronological horizons, ranging from the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age to the Middle Ages. The application of photogrammetric techniques and digital filters (DStretch) enabled the clarification of previously unnoticed details and the discovery of new compositions. The interpretation of geometric motifs (circles, oval, zigzag) is considered in the context of solar cults and funerary-ritual practices, reflecting the complex structure and multifunctionality of the ancient rock art of the Kazakh Altai.